kids encyclopedia robot

Member states of NATO facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts
NATO members (blue)
NATO in 2024

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members shall assist the attacked member, with armed forces if necessary. Article 6 of the treaty limits the scope of Article 5 to the islands north of the Tropic of Cancer, the North American and European mainlands, the entirety of Turkey, and French Algeria, the last of which has been moot since July 1962. Thus, an attack on Hawaii, Puerto Rico, French Guiana, the Falkland Islands, Ceuta or Melilla, among other places, would not trigger an Article 5 response.

Of the 32 member countries, 30 are in Europe and two are in North America. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative, and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

All members have militaries, except for Iceland, which does not have a typical army (but it does have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024.

NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members as part of their Open Doors enlargement policy.

NATO 32 Members
Map of NATO in Europe:     Current members     Membership Action Plan     Countries seeking membership     Countries where membership is not a goal     Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

Founding members and enlargement

NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The various allies all sign the Ottawa Agreement, which is a 1951 document that acts to embody civilian oversight of the Alliance.

Current membership consists of 32 countries. In addition to the 12 founding countries, four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982). In 1990, the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany. NATO further expanded after the Cold War, adding the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia (2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024). Of the territories and members added between 1990 and 2024, all except for Finland and Sweden were either formerly part of the Warsaw Pact (including the formerly Soviet Baltic states) or territories of the former Yugoslavia. No countries have left NATO since its founding.

Currently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization now covers a total area of 27,580,492 km2 (10,648,887 sq mi), since the accession of Sweden on 7 March 2024.

Membership aspirations

As of March 2024, three additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine.

  • NATO members agreed at the 2008 Bucharest Summit that Georgia and Ukraine "will become members of NATO in the future".
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina was invited by NATO to join the Membership Action Plan (MAP) in April 2010.

List of member states

The current members and their dates of admission are listed below.

Flag Map Name Capital Accession Population Area
Military budget as %GDP 2023 GDP 2023 (million US$) Languages
Flag of Albania.svg
Albania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Albania Tirana 1 April 2009 002,854,710 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) 1.7 22,743 Albanian
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
Belgium on the globe (Europe centered).svg Belgium Brussels 24 August 1949 011,611,419 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) 1.2 630,110 Dutch
French
German
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria on the globe (Europe centered).svg Bulgaria Sofia 29 March 2004 006,885,868 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi) 1.8 101,611 Bulgarian
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
Canada on the globe (North America centered).svg Canada Ottawa 24 August 1949 038,155,012 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,103 sq mi) 1.3 2,140,086 English
French
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Croatia Zagreb 1 April 2009 004,060,135 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) 1.8 82,044 Croatian
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic on the globe (Europe centered).svg Czech Republic Prague 12 March 1999 010,510,751 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi) 1.5 332,025 Czech
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark including autonomous territories on the globe (Europe centered).svg Denmark Copenhagen 24 August 1949 005,854,240 2,210,573 km2 (853,507 sq mi) 2.0 405,199 Danish
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Estonia Tallinn 29 March 2004 001,328,701 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi) 2.9 40,757 Estonian
Flag of Finland.svg Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Finland Helsinki 4 April 2023 005,535,992 338,455 km2 (130,678 sq mi) 2.4 300,499 Finnish
Swedish
Flag of France.svg France on the globe (Europe centered).svg France Paris 24 August 1949 064,531,444 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi) 2.1 3,031,778 French
Flag of Germany.svg Germany on the globe (Europe centered).svg Germany Berlin 6 May 1955
(West Germany)
3 October 1990
(Germany)
083,408,554 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi) 1.5 4,457,366 German
Flag of Greece.svg Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg Greece Athens 18 February 1952 010,445,365 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi) 3.2 238,275 Greek
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary on the globe (Europe centered).svg Hungary Budapest 12 March 1999 009,709,786 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi) 2.1 212,610 Hungarian
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Iceland Reykjavík 24 August 1949 000,370,335 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi) 0.0 31,020 Icelandic
Flag of Italy.svg Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg Italy Rome 059,240,329 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi) 1.6 2,255,503 Italian
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Latvia Riga 29 March 2004 001,873,919 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) 2.3 43,598 Latvian
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Lithuania Vilnius 002,786,651 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi) 2.7 77,926 Lithuanian
Flag of Luxembourg.svg
Luxembourg on the globe (Europe centered).svg
Luxembourg Luxembourg 24 August 1949 000,639,321 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi) 0.7 85,780 Luxembourgish
French
German
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro on the globe (Europe centered).svg Montenegro Podgorica 5 June 2017 000,627,859 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi) 1.6 7,406 Montenegrin
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg Netherlands Amsterdam 24 August 1949 017,501,696 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi) 1.5 1,117,101 Dutch
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg North Macedonia Skopje 27 March 2020 002,103,330 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi) 1.7 14,769 Macedonian
Flag of Norway.svg Norway on the globe (Europe centered).svg Norway Oslo 24 August 1949 005,403,021 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi) 1.6 485,513 Norwegian
Flag of Poland.svg Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg Poland Warsaw 12 March 1999 038,307,726 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi) 3.8 808,435 Polish
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg Portugal Lisbon 24 August 1949 010,290,103 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi) 1.5 287,421 Portuguese
Flag of Romania.svg Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg Romania Bucharest 29 March 2004 019,328,560 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi) 1.6 345,894 Romanian
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovakia Bratislava 005,447,622 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi) 2.0 132,122 Slovakian
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia on the globe (Europe centered).svg Slovenia Ljubljana 002,119,410 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi) 1.3 68,236 Slovenian
Flag of Spain.svg Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg Spain Madrid 30 May 1982 047,486,935 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi) 1.5 1,581,151 Spanish
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg Sweden Stockholm 7 March 2024 010,467,097 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi) 1.5 593,268 Swedish
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey on the globe (Europe centered).svg Turkey Ankara 18 February 1952 084,775,404 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) 1.5 1,108,453 Turkish
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom on the globe (Europe centered).svg United Kingdom London 24 August 1949 067,281,039 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi) 2.3 3,344,744 English
Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg United States on the globe (North America centered).svg United States Washington, D.C. 336,997,624 9,833,520 km2 (3,796,743 sq mi) 3.4 27,357,825

Special arrangements

The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allowed the U.S. to maintain an existing base, Thule Air Base (now Pituffik Space Base), in Greenland.

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism". Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.

Military personnel

The following list is constructed from The Military Balance, published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.


Numbers of military personnel
Country Active Reserve Para­mili­tary Total Per 1,000 capita
total active
Albania Albania 10,500 0 500 11,000 3.6 3.4
Belgium Belgium 29,400 5,900 0 35,300 3 2.5
Bulgaria Bulgaria 42,663 3,000 0 45,663 6.6 6.2
Canada Canada 70,500 35,600 5,500 111,600 2.9 1.9
Croatia Croatia 16,700 21,000 3,000 40,700 9.7 4
Czech Republic Czech Republic 27,400 4,200 0 31,600 3 2.6
Denmark Denmark 36,440 45,800 51,000 133,240 22.6 6.2
Estonia Estonia 7,600 230,000 15,800 253,400 207.7 6.2
Finland Finland 24,250 900,000 14,321 938,571 168.7 4.4
France France 208,750 141,050 175,050 524,850 7.7 3.1
Germany Germany 184,100 50,050 0 234,150 2.9 2.3
Greece Greece 143,300 221,350 4,000 368,650 34.8 13.5
Hungary Hungary 41,600 20,000 12,000 73,600 7.6 4.3
Iceland Iceland 250 250 250 750 2.1 0.7
Italy Italy 175,100 18,300 182,350 375,750 6 2.8
Latvia Latvia 16,700 36,000 0 52,700 28.3 9
Lithuania Lithuania 23,000 90,000 14,150 127,150 46.9 8.5
Luxembourg Luxembourg 940 0 600 1,540 2.4 1.5
Montenegro Montenegro 2,350 2,800 10,100 15,250 25.1 3.9
Netherlands Netherlands 41,543 6,643 6,500 54,686 3.2 2.4
North Macedonia North Macedonia 8,000 26,850 7,600 42,450 19.9 3.8
Norway Norway 33,400 40,000 0 73,400 13.3 6.1
Poland Poland 164,500 200,000 75,400 439,900 11.5 4.3
Portugal Portugal 33,200 211,700 24,700 269,600 26.3 3.2
Romania Romania 72,000 55,000 79,900 206,900 9.7 3.4
Slovakia Slovakia 19,500 0 0 19,500 3.6 3.6
Slovenia Slovenia 7,500 26,200 5,950 39,650 18.9 3.6
Spain Spain 133,282 15,450 75,800 224,532 4.8 2.8
Sweden Sweden 24,400 32,900 0 57,300 5.4 2.3
Turkey Turkey 690,811 380,700 192,534 1,264,045 15.3 8.4
United Kingdom United Kingdom 196,453 78,600 0 275,053 4.2 3
United States United States 1,598,287 1,072,543 0 2,670,830 8 4.8
NATO NATO 3,869,402 3,768,103 870,271 8,507,776 8.7 4

Military expenditures





Circle frame-1.svg

Military spending of the US compared to 29 other NATO member countries (all except Sweden) (US$ millions).      United States (67.1%)     All other NATO countries total (32.90%)

Circle frame-1.svg

Total military spending of NATO member countries except the United States, and Sweden (US$ millions).      Greece (1.75%)     Estonia (0.28%)     Portugal (0.99%)     Montenegro (0.03%)     Lithuania (0.51%)     Norway (2.05%)     Turkey (4.42%)     Latvia (0.25%)     Denmark (1.91%)     Croatia (0.34%)     Other (87.81%)

The defence spending of the United States is more than double the defence spending of all other NATO members combined. Criticism of the fact that many member states were not contributing their fair share in accordance with the international agreement by then US president Donald Trump caused various reactions from American and European political figures, ranging from ridicule to panic. While NATO members have committed to spending at least 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on defence, most of them did not meet that goal in 2023

Total Military budget of European NATO countries (excluding Turkey) as a percentage of US military budget. Chinese and Russian military spending included for comparison
Member state Popu­lation GDP
(nomi­nal)
($billions)
Defence expenditure (US$) Person­nel
Total
($mil­lions)
 % real GDP Per capita
 Albania 3,101,621 23.36 401 1.72 93 6,600
 Belgium 11,913,633 636.07 7,670 1.21 537 21,400
 Bulgaria 6,827,736 103.59 1,933 1.87 181 26,600
 Canada 38,516,736 2,123.01 28,140 1.33 591 66,800
 Croatia 4,169,239 83.01 1,450 1.75 291 14,000
 Czech Republic 10,706,242 334.94 5,108 1.53 305 27,700
 Denmark 6,057,361 412.37 8,199 2.00 1,208 16,700
 Estonia 1,202,762 41.50 1,198 2.89 587 7,300
 Finland 5,614,571 305.42 7,500 2.46 1,146 31,000
 France 62,819,428 3,050.30 57,815 1.90 734 207,300
 Germany 84,220,184 4,473.00 74,085 1.66 712 181,700
 Greece 10,497,595 245.38 7,495 3.05 632 111,000
 Hungary 9,670,009 209.41 4,338 2.07 336 20,100
 Iceland 360,872 31.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Italy 61,021,855 2,223.01 32,750 1.47 494 170,700
 Latvia 1,821,750 44.60 1,052 2.37 404 6,700
 Lithuania 2,655,755 79.13 2,177 2.75 508 17,900
 Luxembourg 660,924 59.61 603 1.01 730 900
 Montenegro 602,445 7.45 115 1.55 128 1,700
 Netherlands 17,463,930 1,122.05 16,538 1.63 818 40,800
 North Macedonia 2,133,410 15.80 268 1.70 96 5,700
 Norway 5,600,850 488.19 8,788 1.80 1,445 24,000
 Poland 37,991,766 819.82 32,165 3.92 655 202,300
 Portugal 10,223,150 288.37 4,254 1.48 337 22,400
 Romania 18,326,327 352.64 5,655 1.60 200 64,000
 Slovakia 5,425,319 130.90 2,682 2.05 387 13,800
 Slovenia 2,099,790 68.61 914 1.33 342 5,700
 Spain 47,051,085 1,582.94 19,638 1.24 350 110,600
 Sweden 10,536,338
 Turkey 83,593,483 1,201.56 18,965 1.58 228 463,700
 United Kingdom 68,502,956 3,398.27 77,384 2.28 1,077 139,500
 United States 338,229,980 27,343.45 875,603 3.24 2,101 1,317,000
 NATO 969,619,192 51,298.96 1,304,886 2.54 1,113 3,346,000

Political and popular support

Pew Research Center's 2016 survey among its member states showed that while most countries viewed NATO positively, most NATO members preferred keeping their military spending the same. The response to whether their country should militarily aid another NATO country if it were to get into a serious military conflict with Russia was also mixed. Roughly half or fewer in six of the eight countries surveyed say their country should use military force if Russia attacks a neighboring country that is a NATO ally. And at least half in three of the eight NATO countries say that their government should not use military force in such circumstances. The strongest opposition to responding with armed force is in Germany (58%), followed by France (53%) and Italy (51%). More than half of Americans (56%) and Canadians (53%) are willing to respond to Russian military aggression against a fellow NATO country. A plurality of the British (49%) and Poles (48%) would also live up to their Article 5 commitment. The Spanish are divided on the issue: 48% support it, 47% oppose.

kids search engine
Member states of NATO Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.