Jack Davis (playwright) facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
Jack Leonard Davis
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Jack Davis
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| Born | 11 March 1917 |
| Died | March 17, 2000 (aged 83) Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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| Nationality | Aboriginal Australian |
| Education | High school |
| Occupation | Playwright and Poet |
| Known for | Poetry, acting, writing, Aboriginal rights activism |
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Notable work
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No Sugar |
| Awards | Order of the British Empire Order of Australia |
Jack Leonard Davis AM, BEM (11 March 1917 – 17 March 2000) was an Australian 20th-century Aboriginal playwright, poet and Aboriginal Australian activist. Academic Adam Shoemaker, who has covered much of Jack Davis‘ work and Aboriginal literature, has claimed he was one of “Australia’s most influential Aboriginal authors”. He was born in Perth, Western Australia, where he spent most of his life and later died. He identified with the Western Australian Noongar people, and he included some of this language into his plays. His work incorporates themes of Aboriginality and identity.
While known for his literary work, Davis did not focus on writing until his fifties. His writing centred around the Aboriginal experience in relation to the settlement of white Australians. His collection of poems The First Born was his first work to be published and also made him the second Aboriginal to have published poetry by 1970, after Kath Walker, also known by her Aboriginal name Oodgeroo Noonuccal. He later focused his writing on plays, starting with Kullark, which was first performed in 1979. His plays were recognised internationally and were performed in Canada and England. His work and contribution was later recognised by the Order of the British Empire (BEM) in 1976, the Order of Australia Award in 1985 and two honorary doctorates from the University of Western Australia and Murdoch University. His work today is now included in many Australian school syllabuses for children to read and discuss.
Contents
Life and career
Early life
The first five years of Davis' life were spent on a farm in Waroona, Western Australia with his ten siblings. His family then moved to Yarloop in 1923 after a bushfire destroyed their farm. Davis and his family were members of the Bibbulmun and Nyoongar peoplee and spoke the Nyoongar language.
Family
His mother, whose name is not on record and father, William Davis, also known as "Bill", were both taken from their parents as they were considered by the government to be "half-castes". Under the Australian policy passed in 1890, children who had both a full-blood Aboriginal parent and a non-Aboriginal parent were considered half-castes, a policy which resulted in the Stolen Generations. His parents went to work for white families and never acquired an education, making them illiterate. His mother was seven years old when she went to work for the Stretch family as a servant in Broome, Western Australia. His mother recalls that while they treated her well, she never felt part of the family. Her employers never educated his mother with their other children and she would be left to do domestic house work as they went to school. His father was eight years old when he went off to work, and took the surname of his boss "Davis" because he did not like his father's last name "Sung" who was a Sikh man. Jack Davis’ father and mother met in Northam, Western Australia and were married soon after. During their marriage, they had six daughters and five sons.
William Davis worked mostly in the timber industry as a log chopper and found it hard to support eleven children on his income. However, his love of hunting and the bush allowed him to still provide meat for the family.
Jack Davis’ father died in 1933 after making his way home from a hunting accident. He was walking through a paddock in the early evening and was attacked by a bull. This left the family with no financial income, leading to the family selling up and moving out of Yarloop, a less remote area.
After Jack Davis and his brother Harold went home to Yarloop after working at Moore River Native Settlement, his brother Harold went to fight in World War II.
Education
Jack Davis attended school in Yarloop with his ten brothers and sisters. As a result of Davis' father having Australian citizenship status, his children were allowed to get the same education as children with European heritage. His father's citizenship status also meant his children were not forced to go to an Aboriginal settlement.
In early 1932, at age fourteen, Jack Davis and his brother Harold were offered work under false pretences at Moore River Native Settlement from the Protector of Aborigines, A. O. Neville. While his father was concerned about sending his sons to an Aboriginal settlement, the Great Depression put a financial strain on their family and work was scarce. At the Moore River Native Settlement, Aboriginals were to learn skills that would enable them to integrate better into white society.
The two boys were to work on the farm in exchange for labour and farm skills, however, this turned out to be an empty promise that they discovered once they arrived. The settlement segregated white Australians and Aboriginals and prohibited the Aboriginals speaking their native languages. Davis and his brother were amongst four-hundred Aboriginals that were "offered" work at the Moore River Native Settlement considered as a social measure by the government. While some aboriginals were forced to work, this was not the case for Jack Davis and his brother. After nine months, the two boys left to go back to Yarloop. Davis’ experience on the Moore River Native Settlement later shaped his literary work.
Career
Davis pursued many labour-intensive jobs before he committed to writing, this included being a stockman, a horse trainer, a drover, a mill worker, a driver in various methods of transportation and a kangaroo hunter. In 1970, at the time of publishing his first collection of poems The First Born, he dedicated himself to literature. He became the Manager of the Aboriginal Advancement Council Centre in Perth from 1969 -1973. He then transitioned into becoming an editor at the Aboriginal Publications Foundation from 1973 to 1979, which published a magazine called Identity that focused on recognising Aboriginal literature.
Works
Jack Davis began his writing career by publishing a collection of poems called The First Born in 1970. He later published his second collection of poetry called Jagardoo in 1977, which was illustrated by Harold Thomas (who also designed the Aboriginal Australian flag).
After this he began to focus on playwriting, publishing a total of five plays and two children's plays:
Plays:
- Kullark, 1979
- The Dreamers, 1981
- No Sugar, 1985
- Barungin, 1989
- In Our Town, 1990
Children's plays:
- Honey Spot, 1987
- Moorli and the Leprechaun, 1994
Davis also wrote a monodrama called Wahngin Country, but he never finished it. Academic Bob Hodge, who wrote the peer reviewed journal Jack Davis and the Emergence of Aboriginal Writing in 1994 stated Davis was interested in "White History" and how it omitted the Aboriginal history and their perspective.
According to academics, Davis wanted to offer an alternative narrative that included the Aboriginal story. Davis found the most effective format was through transforming the Indigenous tradition of oral storytelling into written plays and performance. Themes in his work encapsulate the history and discrimination of Aboriginal people, including the first contact with white settlers. Academic Adam Shoemaker has described his work as always alluding to the history of Aboriginal people even when his plays are not mentioning the past.
Plays
Kullark
Davis’ play Kullark, translated to "home" is often considered by academics as a documentary, detailing the beginning of white settlement in Western Australia in 1829.
Kullark, published in 1979 translates to "home" in the Nyoongar language. The meaning of the play is interpreted by academics as a protest, criticising the colonial recorded history of the 1829 white settlement in Western Australia.
The play documents the history and first contact between Aboriginal people and white settlers from the author's perspective, using an Aboriginal family that have been effected by the history Davis is attempting to divulge. Davis uses a chronological and documentary like structure to present the play. He includes details such as the white settlers trading poisoned white flour and the massacres at Pinjarra in 1834. Academics have inferred that Davis includes the details of these events to give Aboriginal people a voice and a known history that have been previously omitted. Kullark was Davis’ first play to begin that journey of historical story telling
The Dreamers
The Dreamers was first performed in 1972 and published in 1981. The play centres its narrative around the memory of three Aboriginal men who worked at Moore River Native Settlement. Davis wrote that he aimed to confront white and black audiences with a truthful and uncompromising picture of urban Aboriginal life.
No Sugar
Davis’ play No Sugar was first published in 1986 and achieved great acclaim; receiving the Australian writers Guild Award (AWGIE) for best stage play, the year it was published. The play was set in the 1930s during the Great Depression and tells the story of an Aboriginal family that is removed from their home and forced to work on the Moore River Native Settlement. An article by the Sydney Morning Herald writes that the play is a rejection of white assimilation and the degradation of Aboriginal lives and culture. The Play includes many references of the Nyoongah language. Academics such as Bob Hodge consider this an attempt to validate the importance of Aboriginal culture, while also communicating the feelings of isolation when people cannot understand their own language and cultural customs.
A production of the play directed by Bob Maza was performed at the Black Theatre Arts and Culture Centre in Redfern in 1994.
No Sugar is currently in the Victorian High School Syllabus for students who are in the English as an Additional Language (EAL) course for the Higher School Certificate (HSC). However, as mentioned in the Sydney Morning Herald, there is debate over whether the themes and inclusion of the Nyoongah language are too complex for students who are trying to learn the fundamentals of the English.
Barungin
Davis’ play Barungin was published in 1989 and translates to "Smell the Wind" in the Nyoongah language. The play focuses on the high incarceration rate of Aboriginal people and the large number of deaths of Aboriginal in custody. During the year the play was published, Aboriginal Australians accounted to ten percent of the national average of people in jail. The play is set in Western Australia, where the incarceration rate of Aboriginal people was 35%.
List of works
Plays
- Kullark (1972)
- The Dreamers (1982)
- No Sugar (1985)
- Honeyspot (1985)
- Moorli and the Leprechaun (1986)
- Burungin (1988)
- Plays from Black Australia (1989)
- In Our Town (1990)
Poetry
- The First-born and other poems (1970)
- The Black Tracker (1970)
- Jagardoo : Poems from Aboriginal Australia (1978)
- John Pat and Other Poems (1988) Publisher Dent Australia ISBN: 0-86770-079-3
- Black Life : poems (1992)
- Wurru : poem from Aboriginal
Other works
- Jack Davis : A life-story (1988)
- A Boy's Life (1991)
- Paperbark : A Collection of Black Australian Writings (1992)
