Image: Atomic orbitals spdf m-eigenstates

Description: Collection of 16 atomic single-electron orbitals for the lowest four n quantum numbers. Only the cases n = l + 1 {\displaystyle n=l+1} with one radial node are shown. Each row shows one l-quantum number l=0 (s), l=1 (p), l=2 (d) and l=3 (f) with m quantum numbers m ∈ { − l , … , l } {\displaystyle m\in \{-l,\ldots ,l\}} in ascending order. The color depicts the complex-valued phase of the wavefunction. In contrast to the real-valued orbitals in chemistry, which are superpositions of several m-eigenstates, the probability densities shown here are symmetric around the z-axis. The solid bodies enclose the volume where the continuous probability density exceeds a well-chosen threshold. The formulas that describe the orbitals can be found at Hydrogen atom. The labels in the image show the quantum numbers nlm with l encoded as letter.
Title: Atomic orbitals spdf m-eigenstates
Credit: Own work, Created with hydrogen 1.1
Author: Geek3
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